The retention voting process is complicated and favors the judges, regardless of their actions. Sbarazzo in edizione speciale, tra shopping e storia, con gli orologiai nel Quadriportico, Tra i partner anche I&T, per un ambizioso progetto nellhealtcare e life sciences, Domenica 5 marzo con Castelli aperti, mercatino con prodotti tipici locali, La ragazza con lo zaino verde racconta lItalia fascista delle leggi razziali, Lincontro getta le basi per un sodalizio e interscambio gastronomico tra la nostra citt e Gangneung. But as might be expected, the complete picture is a bit more complicated. The judges referenced in this story fall way below that number whenyou consider all cases on appeal. LItalia una bella orchestra, ma suona per pochi, PNRR: 191 miliardi da spendere, ma per le imprese del commercio non si visto un euro, Laltalena dellassistenzialismo vola sempre pi in alto. .widget-row.Green { .widget-row.value-only.white { 11 Interstate relations .top_disclaimer { The filing deadline for candidates was March 11, 2015. background-color: grey; Texas Supreme Court, Justice #2 - Jimmy Blacklock. Branch 8 Today's Calendar Contact Info. We are independent, non-profit, advertising-free and 100% reader supported. In-Person Absentee Voting ended on Friday. These broad categories probably fit the general political conception of political and conservative rather well, though they leave out some significant culture war issues, such as abortion, gay rights, or gun rights. There are 346 voter registration records for Michael Maxwell. Ballotpedia does not currently cover this office or maintain this page. She has vast legal experience and has . margin-bottom: 0; display: inline-block; 262-548-7559. All judges must run for re-election if they wish to continue serving after their term expires. margin-bottom:0px; border:1px solid #FFB81F; If you would like to help our coverage scope grow, consider donating to Ballotpedia. Michael's reported annual income is about $70 - 79,999; with a net worth that tops $25,0 Michael A. George is a judge on the Adams County Court of Common Pleas in Pennsylvania. Waukesha County Circuit Court Judge, Presiding Judge Juvenile Division. DMAN1968. michael p maxwell judge political affiliation how to measure inductance in multisim trahan funeral home bay city, mi June 29, 2022 errol flynn rory flynn 0 decriminalize nature seattle pro-underdog Number: The Court is allowed 17 Judges of equal judicial authority, one of whom is appointed by the Governor as Chief Judge and who is the chief administrative and executive officer for the Court. .widget-row.value-only { sinastria di coppia karmica calcolo; quincy homeless shelter; plastic bags for cleaning oven racks; claudia procula death; farm jobs in vermont with housing Mary's Church225 S. Hartwell Avenue, Ald. District 2Wards 3, 4, 5City Hall.201 Delafield Street(Enter Parking Structure off Brook Street and park on 2nd level), Ald. in political science and economics from Washington and Jefferson College in 1981 and a J.D. Judge Paul Bugenhagen Jr. 10. background-color: #f9f9f9; font-weight: bold; Isabel Maxwell comes out with a pizza for the media after the fifth day of deliberations for the jury in the Ghislaine Maxwell trial on December 28 without a verdict. Pennsylvania's judicial elections included a primary on May 19, 2015, and a general election on November 3, 2015. move for Armory voter for February ONLY)810 W. College Avenue, Ald. 3 First Amendment HON. word-wrap: break-word; For decades, scholars have maintained that the president has the most significant role in setting the policymaking agenda in Washington, but little systematic empirical work has been done to measure the president's influence. .courts-header { font-size:150%;background-color:#334aab;color:white;} Michael J. Aprahamian . Now, some people dont think that is significant, but I do. Nobody truly thinks of judges as completely beyond politicsit is common to speak of a liberal judge or a conservative judge. Going into the primary, there were 12 candidates running for the court. Of these 206 counties, three are located in Pennsylvania, accounting for 1.46 percent of the total pivot counties.[21]. background-color: grey; The caption attached to the e-greeting said, "Merry Christmas from the Johnsons," and Kistler sent the greeting with a subject heading of "Best Christmas card ever. anti-union member or employee vis-a-vis union Federal circuit courts offer an opportunity to gain leverage on this problem. Residential Address: Midwest City Ok . What, for example, is a conservative judge? Mayor Emanuels disregard for the best interests of taxpayers, Orland Parks Annual Curbside Spring Clean-Up Week of April 10, Worth Township Foundation hosts First Annual Golf Outing Sept. 30, Cook County GOP Chairman Endorses Bruce Rauner for Re-election, RTA approves projects for Seniors and disabled. Having the highest number of rulings reversed of any judge. The second resignation occurred in October 2014, when Justice Seamus P. McCaffery left the court due to both his implication in an FBI investigation involving the exchange of referral fees between his wife and several law firms, and his involvement in a scandal wherein sexually explicit emails were forwarded from his personal email account to court employees. Local 5, Obermayer Rebmann Maxwell & Hippel and 13 individual donors, Pennsylvania Society of Physicians Assistants, Gillespie, Miscavige, Ferdinand & Baranko LLC and four individual donors, Executive Committee of the District Attorneys Association, Association of Criminal Defense Attorneys, Administrative Judge for Probation Services, Fraternal Order of Police Fort Pitt Lodge (Lodge # 1). International soccer returns to SeatGeek Stadium, Chicago Wolves Noesen wins Presidents Award, No-contact order protects child from reported abuse, Prominent producer to write screen adaptation of story on the fight against Thalassemia, Sheriff and District 230 honor students for public service hours, Chicagoan who invested in research to save children releases new book, Cook County Announces Call for Transportation and Community Grant Program Applications, Buckner unveils plan to help businesses and strengthen job, United offers endless airline travel problems for travelers. michael p maxwell judge political affiliation. .infobox p { Judge Patricia L. Kelly graduated from the California State University, Northridge in 1990 with a B.A. Military service. .courts-header { font-size:150%;background-color:#334aab;color:white;} Ghislaine Maxwell appeared at a pretrial hearing at federal court in New York Monday ahead of jury selection. A person listed as a contributor has spoken or otherwise participated in Federalist Society events, publications, or multimedia presentations. } .widget-row.Republican { These two judicial philosophies are thought to be conservative, but they bear no relationship to what we think of as politically conservative: for example, a judge who exercises judicial restraint should apply that philosophy to anti-abortion laws and to affirmative action laws, preferring to let them both stand in the face of a Constitutional challenge. 191 miliardi di euro da spendere entro il 2026. if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; .courts-container { background-color:#fcfcfc; width:100%; border:1px solid black;padding:5px;text-align:center;clear:both; } 7 Unions Martin Binn; Christopher Bailey; Kevin Costello; David Herring; The CourtListener Judicial database was formed as partnership with researcher Elliott Ash at Princeton University and with support from the National Science Foundation and Knight Foundation. George ran for election to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in 2015. prairie view elementary staff directory; accident a39 bideford today. 2 Civil Rights [16], George received a B.A. [13], In February 2015, Governor Tom Wolf (D) nominated both Ken Gormley, a law professor for the Duquesne University School of Law, and Judge Thomas Kistler of the Centre County Court of Common Pleas. font-weight: bold; [1] He was elected in 2001 and took office in January 2002. Ballotpedia defined those won by Trump won as Retained Pivot Counties and those won by Joe Biden (D) as Boomerang Pivot Counties. Ed Dolan. pro-judicial activism Branch 7 Today's Calendar Contact Info. Three-letter party abbreviations are used to designate political parties in candidate reports and contests. But, you should support Judge Michael P. Toomin's retention because of his courage in standing up to controversial Cook County State's Attorney Kim Foxx and her political pals. ; Ballotpedia provided coverage of supreme court and intermediate appellate court elections, as well as local trial court elections for judges within the 100 largest cities in the United States as measured by population. } pro-consumer He was elected to the court in April 2015, effective August 1, 2015. @NBCNews Presidential Historian. Ballotpedia features 395,577 encyclopedic articles written and curated by our professional staff of editors, writers, and researchers. } Judge Lazar earned her B.A. Some celebrities include: LL Cool J, James Earl Jones, The Rock, Stacey Dash, Tamera Mowry-Housley, Sheryl Underwood and 50 Cent, who was a public supporter of President George W. Bush Jr. and in . Vote for Judge Shelley Grogan on April 6, for a Wisconsin Appeals Court District II judge. width: 100%; } pinkberry gossip girl. pro-environmental protection Someone who imposes (or upholds) long prison sentences for convicted criminals? Choose Your Judges is a non-partisan organization dedicated to increasing voter awareness in judicial elections. Twitter, Facebook. Judge William Domina. The terms of three Wisconsin Court of Appeals judges expired on July 31, 2021. They are: Margaret Ann Brennan, Patrick J. Sherlock, Kenneth J. Wadas and Anna Helen Demacopoulos. Federalism & Separation of Powers Practice Group, https://fedsoc.org/contributors/maria-lazar-1, Timeless Concepts for a Trying Time: The Separation of Powers and Judicial Review, Federalism & Separation of Powers Practice Group. Or would a liberal always be pro-competition in economic activity cases? Waukesha County Circuit Court Judge, Presiding Judge Juvenile Division. Few people would argue with most of these judgment calls, though they are not foolproof. Chief Justice, Supreme Court - Nathan L. Hecht. } Education. Pennsylvania Superior Court One open seat was the result of the retirement of Chief Justice Ronald Castille in December 2014. text-align: center; 12. I also know many judges are even more political, like Demacopoulos. Marcek, Clifton W Marcek 1 Of 3 Races Political . pro-affirmative action Toggle navigation VoterRecords.com. 2015. Posted Tue, Nov 27, 2018 at 11:05 am CT. WAUKESHA, WI -- Citing family obligations, Waukesha County Circuit Court Judge Maria S. Lazar said she's passing on running for the Wisconsin Supreme Court . John NeumannHwy 59 & Genesee Road(Community Room on lower level), Ald. Interns wanted: Get paid to help ensure that every voter has unbiased election information. School Board Member: Vote for not more than 3. monthly budget of middle class family. InjusticeWatch, a non-political organization that I respect, concluded in an assessment, Demacopoulos has had 14 decisions reversed by higher courts since 2014, among the most of any of the judges running for retention this year., Hanah Jubeh, spokeswoman for Committee for Retentionof Judges in Cook County, responded,Comparing the single number of reversals is not reflective of thequality of the judge. 5 Privacy She received her bachelor's degree from Loyola University Chicago in 1971 and her law degree from the University of San Francisco, School of Law in 1974.

} According to the City of Waukesha website, City Hall voters will be moving back to City Hall for all future elections. The information is taken from the appointees' own judgeship applications. color: white; We have lots of information about Michael: religious views are listed as Christian, ethnicity is Caucasian, and political affiliation is unknown. IDobbinate.com, John Menard, owner of the home improvement chain, who gave millions to . pro-exercise of judicial power These results are automatically generated from Google. George ran for election to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in 2015. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles. Unlike political candidates for public office who need to receive 50 percent plus 1 vote or more to win and election and take office, Judges who are elected to the Cook County Circuit Court must stand for retention every six years. Authorities Accuse Tova Noel & Michael Thomas of Leaving Epstein Unobserved; They Say Noel, Who Once Served in the Army National Guard, Was the Last Person Near the Door of Epstein's Tier . Others require quite a bit of interpretation on the part of the individual coding the decisionsfor example, what types of cases are pro-underdog or pro-economic underdog? Still others require an interpretation of complicated concepts: pro-judicial activism for examplemany people may disagree as to what constitures judicial activism. Finally, some of the categories depend on how you define conservative and liberalfor example, would a liberal always be pro-neutrality in religion cases? Railroad Commissioner - Wayne Christian. PBS contributor. pro-civil liberties or civil rights claimant, especially those exercising less protected civil rights (e.g., homosexuality) Unjustified scrutiny on reversals not only misinforms the voter, butmore importantly discourages qualified judges from taking the hardassignments.. He won the Republican primary but was defeated in the general election . font-weight: bold; Back Row (L-R): Justice Dario Borghesan, Justice Jennifer S. Henderson. Judge Laura Lau. 

float:right; Posted on June 16, 2022 by June 16, 2022 by Justice Correale Stevens was appointed to the bench by Governor Tom Corbett (R) in June 2013 to replace Joan Orie Melvin. I have met some great judges. michael p maxwell judge political affiliation INTRO OFFER!!!  One of the judges I urge a vote against retention is Anna Demacopoulos who has one of the highest ruling reversals of any judge. If you would like to help our coverage scope grow, consider donating to Ballotpedia. from Georgetown University Law Center. District 14Wards 35, 36Waukesha Fire Station #53051 Summit Avenue. Name: Michael J. Aprahamian.  Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas Biography. In their decisions, judges frequently point out that they are not passing judgment on the wisdom of the law they are enforcingthey are only interpreting the law, or ensuring that the law is consistent with the Constitution or other superseding legal authority. Before her judgeship, she was a prominent assistant attorney general who represented Wisconsin in both state and federal courts. There is no online registration for the intro class Terms of usage & Conditions Endorsements. 6 Attorneys By Ray Hanania pro-jurisdiction and pro-disclosure except for employment and student records. The Chicago Sun-Times published a column from InjusticeWatch, which notes, they are the only judges seeking retention to each have more than a dozen decisions reversed by higher courts in the six years since they were last retained. Click here to read the article. .widget-img {   Smollett was indicted on 16 counts before Foxx dropped all charges in March 2019. Michael Maxwell Circuit Court Judge - Branch VIII Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States 1K followers 500+ connections Join to connect Carroll University London Business School Company Website. Gab.com,MeWe.com 	background-color: grey; The suit was later settled by the female professor and the university. Orlando Sentinel. LINCOLN  Two judges in Douglas County have received the lowest scores in an informal survey of lawyers who practice in Nebraska courts. In short, although a correlation has been found between the political party of the appointer and the direction of the judges decisions, there was quite a bit of variability for different specific issues. This judge is outside of that coverage scope and does not receive scheduled updates. For example, people who support controversial Cook County States Attorney Kim Foxx are campaigning hard to toss Judge Michael P. Toomin from the ballot. This dissonance between the theory of a neutral, non-partisan judge and the reality of a judge who has a political affiliation creates a serious problem. Biography. .widget-row.value-only.black { This includes: 1 supreme court seat; 14 intermediate appellate court seats. .widget-row.heading { 262-548-7509. Paul Bugenhagen Jr., 34, expects character issues will shorten his . 	clear: both; 	padding-left: 10px; Branch 1 Today's Calendar Contact Info. Interns wanted: Get paid to help ensure that every voter has unbiased election information. Foradora argued that campaign cash potentially damages the court's integrity, while Woodruff suggested that higher finance requirements presented a barrier to entry for qualified candidates. argentinian pink shrimp recipes; ceres school district calendar; posted by ; June 17, 2022 . PRESIDENTS OF WAR, 9 others. 12 Federal taxation Copyright 2023 Carroll University. . 	width: 150px; Polls are open from 7 a.m. to 8 p.m. Many voters vote No on all the judges not to hurt the judges but to help campaigns take out bad judges that have been targeted by groups angry with rulings. 	background-color: red; The e-greeting depicted a black couple, with the male wearing prison garb behind a glass window and his female visitor speaking to him via a jailhouse phone.  Kevin M. Dougherty (D) took the cash-on-hand lead with $584,666.22 in the bank, followed by David N. Wecht (D) at $546,220.24 and Michael A. George (R) at $508,459.63. Although in the political realm, these three positions are linked as conservative positions, there is nothing to link them together in the judicial worldthat is, there is really no reason to believe that a judge who supports one of these positions will support either of the other two. Reporter: (262) 548-7511 Legal Clerk: (262) 548-7482. A primary was scheduled for February 16, 2021.  Pennsylvania had one Retained Pivot County and two Boomerang Pivot Counties, accounting for 0.55 and 8.00 percent of all Retained and Boomerang Pivot Counties, respectively. Walker's appointees to the bench. 100 N. East Avenue
 Common Dreams has been providing breaking news & views for the progressive community since 1997. } .widget-row.Libertarian { Circuit Court Judge Michael O. Bohren. organic black rice vinegar; tallup twinz killed himself; henry bolden azie faison William Campus444 N. Moreland Blvd. Nationwide, there were 181 Retained Pivot Counties and 25 Boomerang Pivot Counties. anti-employer District 13Wards 32, 33, 34, 39Municipal Garage300 Sentry Drive, Ald. pro-bankrupt 	background-color: green; How Choose Your Judges Makes its Recommendations. .widget-img { There are more judges on a ballot than candidates for government office. So, we just shrug our shoulders and skip them on the ballot, which is a real injustice if you ask me. 
 A precedent is legally binding within its own circuit but only persuasive in other circuits. But the judicial branch is supposed to be above politics: judges are meant to decide cases based on neutral legal principles, not their own personal ideology, or not even what is best for the citizens. 	color: white; Stagg Marching Band Pit Crew as efficient as a NASCAR pit stop! But I do have an issue with Demacopolous. 	font-weight: bold; 	font-weight: bold; .widget-value { michael p maxwell judge political affiliation 3- Classes pack for $45 michael p maxwell judge political affiliation for new clients only. pro-Indian 	clear: both; michael p maxwell judge political affiliation; Posted on June 29, 2022; By .  The database was the basis for a front page article in the July 25, 2010 New York Times article describing how the United States Supreme Court has shifted to the right over the past few decades, and is now the most conservative court in decades. The Spaeth database was also the basis for a landmark article by William M. Landes and Richard A. Posner in 2009 which ranked the most recent forty-three Supreme Court Justices from most conservative to most liberal and concluded that four of the top five conservative Justices over the past sixty-three years are currently sitting on the court. [2], Maxwell served four years in the U.S. Army and Virginia Army National Guard. Based on data such as those collected in the Spaeth and Songer databases, legal and political science scholars have conducted hundreds of studies on the voting behavior of judges. But I do have an issue with Demacopolous. She has more than 25 years of experience in Wisconsin courts. Click here to contact our editorial staff, and click here to report an error. Polls open at 7 a.m. and close at 8 p.m. on Election Day. pro-debtor 8. Topics: } .top_disclaimer { The 2021 Wisconsin Spring Election was held in the U.S. state of Wisconsin on April 6, 2021. 	display: block; 	color: white; As an AAG, Lazar was lead counsel in several complex, civil litigation matters for the State, including the initial state court Act 10/collective bargaining case, the Capitol Access case, the federal redistricting matter, and the First Amendment challenge to the permitting system at the State Capitol, among others. Basically that means she lied, and probably to protect Smollett for political and even possibly racial reasons. Honorable Tina R. Ainley Division 3 Judge Elected 2008 Bio. Waukesha County Courthouse Courtroom: C267 515 W. Moreland Blvd Waukesha WI, 53188. [1] Education Maxwell received an MBA and J.D. offenders, can be attributed to judge political affiliation rather than case selection. See Michael P Maxwell's compensation, career history, education, & memberships. He has experience with real estate and personal injury cases, as well as trial work. New Mexico Office of the Secretary of State. .widget-row.value-only.black { He was elected to the court in April 2015, effective August 1, 2015. Give credit to the original source. 	font-size: .9em; As DeKalb County Superior Court Judge Linda Warren Hunter now settles into her . 	color: white; 	padding-left: 10px; 	margin-top: 1px; For example, people who support controversial Cook County States Attorney Kim Foxx are campaigning hard to toss Judge Michael P. Toomin from the ballot. .widget-key { Alaska Supreme Court Justices. After more than three decades of service, a staple in the Stone Mountain Judicial Circuit has hung up her black robe. In the context of issues pertaining to unions and economic activity: pro-union except in union antitrust [which is conservative] }  All expressions of opinion by a contributor are those of the contributor. The U.S. Supreme Court on Friday announced it will decide whether a state can consider the political affiliation of appointed judges in order to maintain the state courts' ideological balance. Muniz had no judicial . The Cook County Democratic Organization, which is solidly behind Foxx, voted not to endorse Toomin for retention. Education. .infobox { A study of appellate court judges in the early 1960s found that the correlation between the appointing Presidents ideology and judicial decisionmaking was strong for economic issues but negligible for criminal and civil liberties issues. [11], A candidate forum at the Free Library of Philadelphia on April 8 showcased candidate concerns over the influence of money in judicial elections. His term will expire in 2021. 	width: 250px; Person Location Voter Details; . .widget-row.Republican { pro-accountability in governmental corruption rudy restaurant toronto. ROBERT MAXWELL. if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; .courts-container { background-color:#fcfcfc; width:100%; border:1px solid black;padding:5px;text-align:center;clear:both; } } The biggest contribution during this reporting period was $50,000 from Ronald Caplan, president of PMC Property Group, to Democratic candidate Kevin M. Dougherty. She then attended Pepperdine University's School of Law, graduating in 1994. }, Michael P. Maxwell is a judge for the Waukesha County Circuit Court in Wisconsin.  Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court Horne, William C Horne 1 Of 3 Races Political C . Mai visti cos tanti soldi tutti insieme. Host of "Fireside History," MSNBC on Peacock. .widget-row { Michael A. George (R) had the most cash on hand at $497,325.16, while Rebecca L. Warren (R) had the lowest total at $2,574.97. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit has pulled the U.S. district judge off cases at least three times, and called him out for racist and sexist comments on the bench. Residents Asked To Limit Travel Amid Sleet And Snow, T-Mobile Tuesdays: Fresh Perks Every Week. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ellsworth, Carolyn Ellsworth's Victory Mentioned . The database has information about thousands of judges from federal and state courts, including their biographical and educational background, judicial and . 	padding-left: 10px; Legislators and executives campaign explicitly on their political beliefs, and once elected they are expected to make decisions based on these beliefs. EXCLUSIVE: Pekau has already decided to move ahead and eliminate the Villag Why so much emphasis in Illinois on protecting criminals? 	word-wrap: break-word; Previously, Judge Maxwell owned his own law firm, where he practiced in the areas of bankruptcy, civil litigation and consumer law. .widget-value { .courts-container hr {background-color:#f0a236;padding-bottom:2px;}, Third Circuit Court of Appeals  U.S. District Court: Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Middle District of Pennsylvania, Western District of Pennsylvania  U.S. Bankruptcy Court: Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Middle District of Pennsylvania, Western District of Pennsylvania, Supreme Court of Pennsylvania As another scholar noted, classifying a judge by ideology or political party is misleading, because it divides [judges] into only twoor perhaps threelarge, undifferentiated groups. If a President were trying to decide whether to appoint a candidate to a judgeship, for example, he or she would do more than simply check the party affiliation of the candidate. No ai crediti dimposta, servono aiuti veri, Non c che dire. Shakers Cigar Bar is Shakin' Up the Local Jazz Scene! Take a minute to select candidates and print your very own personal voting card to take to the polls with you. Carroll University
 from the Dickinson School of Law in 1985. Ballotpedia provides comprehensive coverage of the 100 largest cities in America by population as well as mayoral, city council, and district attorney election coverage in state capitals outside of the 100 largest cities. [3] He won the Republican primary but was defeated in the general election. In 2020, Ballotpedia re-examined the 206 Pivot Counties to view their voting patterns following that year's presidential election. pro-trial in arbitration. 1. Judge Michael Maxwell. Appointed to: Waukesha County Circuit Court. pro-competition 	margin-bottom: 1px; 	font-weight: bold; Texas Supreme Court, Justice #3 - Debra Lehrmann. For context, she adds, Judge Demacopoulos is at 11 percent and she has had the highest number of cases before the Appellate Court. In sharp contrast to the prior literature relying on court-level variation, we find economically meaningful and statistically significant evidence that judge political affiliation is a source of disparities in federal sentencing. .widget-row.Independent, .widget-row.Nonpartisan, .widget-row.Constitution { Collectively, Trump won these Pivot Counties by more than 580,000 votes.  Wisconsin Circuit Courts, Courts in Wisconsin  Wisconsin judicial elections  Judicial selection in Wisconsin. 	width: 57%; .widget-row.Democratic { Waukesha County Courthouse . pro-small business vis-a-vis large business And of all of the factors that exist to retain or not to retain a judge, that ranks as one of the most important in my mind. 	vertical-align: top; (See Glossary of Judicial Philosophies for further discussion of what these principles actually mean. Michael Chertoff (born November 28, 1953) is an American attorney who was the second United States Secretary of Homeland Security to serve under President George W. Bush.Chertoff also served for one additional day under President Barack Obama.He was the co-author of the USA PATRIOT Act.Chertoff previously served as a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the .